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Ponniyin Selvan Chapter 2 — Azlvar-adiyan NambiVallavarayan Vandiya Devan rode down the embankment and turned his horse towards the southern path; his heart danced with joy: like those sailboats skipping across the waves. The excitement buried deep in his heart seemed to erupt outward. His intuition said that he was going to meet adventures experienced […]
Meaning: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change, in the form of killing of life, toxicity of environment,damage to ecosystem and aesthetics of our surrounding. Types of Pollution: 1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution 3. Noise pollution 4. Land pollution Air Pollution: Definition; “Air pollution is the presence […]
“Environmental problems are really social problems…They begin with the people as the cause and end with people as victims”. –Sir Edmund Hillary Introduction: Environmental economics (EE) is the study of interactions between human economic activity and the natural environment. EE is the subset of economics that is concerned with the efficient allocation of environmental resources. […]
Ponniyin Selvan Chapter 1 — Aadi Festival We welcome our readers to get into the boat of imagination and go sailing down the flood of sourceless, endless time. Let us travel a century for every second and quickly reach the times of a thousand years before the present. In the southern end of Thirumunaipadi, which […]
Humayun’s Return from Exile After Sher Shah’s death in 1545 his weak successors ruled for ten years. Humayun,who had fled after his defeat at Kanauj, had taken asylum in Persia. Humayun then went to Afghanistan with Persian troops. He succeeded in capturing Kandahar and Kabul. But his brother Kamran did not allow him to hold […]
Sher Shah and Sur Dynasty From the time Humayun abandoned the throne in the Battle of Kanauj to his regaining of power in 1555 Delhi was ruled by Sher Shah of the Sur Dynasty. Born in the family of a Jagirdar and named as Farid, he received the title of Sher Khan after killing a […]
Humayun, a cultured and learned person, was not a soldier like his father. He was faced with the problems of a weak financial system and the predatory Afghans. Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, also posed a great threat. Humayun’s brother Kamran who was in-charge of Kabul and Kandahar extended his authority up to Punjab. […]
The race for political supremacy in Central Asia amongst the Uzbeks (Turkic ethnic group), the Safavids (the members of the dynasty that ruled Iran patronising Shia Islam) and the Ottomans (Turkish people practicing Sunni Islam) forced Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler of Samarkand, to seek his career prospects elsewhere. Historically the trade conducted by countries […]
Introduction India had been invaded from the west/north-west several times over the centuries, beginning with Alexander. Various parts of north India had been ruled by foreigners like the Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushans and Afghans. The Mughals, descended from the Mongol Chengiz Khan and the Turk Timur, founded an empire in India which lasted for more than […]
Kabir Kabir is probably the most important cultural figure of medieval India. His iconoclastic poetry which Kabir ridiculed ostentatiousness and ritual, and emphasized the universality of god won many adherents. Little concrete historical evidence is available on his life. He was probably a weaver. Said to be a disciple of Ramananda, he learnt Vedanta philosophy […]
As an instrument of macro-economic policy, fiscal policy has been very popular among modern governments. The growing importance of fiscal policy was due to the Great Depression and the development of ‘New Economics’ by Keynes. Meaning of Fiscal Policy: In common parlance fiscal policy means the budgetary manipulations affecting the macro economic variables –output, employment, […]
Local finance refers to the finance of local bodies in India. There is a large variety of local bodies in India. We have the following main four local bodies which are functioning today in our country: Types of Local Bodies 1. Village Panchayats 2. District Boards or ZilaParishads 3. Municipalities 4. Municipal Corporations 1. Village […]
In the case of federal system of finance, the following main principles must be applied: 1. Principle of Independence. 2. Principle of Equity. 3. Principle of Uniformity. 4. Principle of Adequacy. 5. Principle of Fiscal Access. 6. Principle of Integration and coordination. 7. Principle of Efficiency. 8. Principle of Administrative Economy. 9. Principle of Accountability. […]
Federal finance refers to the system of assigning the source of revenue to the Central as well as State Governments for the efficient discharge of their respective functions i.e. clear-cut division is made regarding the allocation of resources of revenue between the central and state authorities. Division of Powers: In our Constitution, there is […]
Budgetary procedure refers to the system through which the budget is prepared, enacted and executed. (A) Preparation of the Budget: The Ministry of Finance prepares the Central Budget every year. At the state level the finance department is responsible for the Annual State Budget. While preparing the budget, the following factors are taken into account: […]
1.The bhakti reformers preached the principles of monotheism (oneness of God) 2. They believed in freedom from the cycle of life and death. They advocated that the salvation could be attained only by deep devotion and faith in God. 3. They emphasized the self-surrender for obtaining the bliss and grace of God. 4. Gurus could […]
budget 2021 is announced by Nirmala Sitaraman
Impact of Sufism In parallel with the Bhakti movement in Hinduism, Sufism played a similar role in Islam. The terms Sufi, Wali, Darvesh and Fakir are used for Muslim saints who attempted to develop their intuitive faculties through ascetic exercises, contemplation, renunciation and selfdenial. By the 12th century, Sufism had become an influential aspect of […]
When the popularity of the bhakti movement in south India reached its peak, the doctrine of bhakti was expounded at the philosophical level by a series of Vaishnava scholars and saints. Ramanujar expounded the philosophy known as Vishistadvaita, or qualified monism. His teaching qualified Adi Sankara’s emphasis on absolute monism or the oneness of the […]
Bhakti Movement in the South The transformation of a tribal society into a wellstructured social order and the emergence of a powerful monarchical system of governance necessitated patronizing one religion or the other to legitimize authority. Buddhism and Jainism were predominantly patronized by the merchant class and they were also supported by the States. The […]