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Introduction Like all cultural traditions, religion too does not exist in isolation. It adapts to existing situations and meets both social and spiritual needs of the people. As a country with a long history, religion in India developed by interacting with various traditions. Vedic religion, which came with the advent of Aryanspeaking peoples to India, […]
The king was the ultimate authority in the kingdom. He was also the supreme commander of the army. He was assisted by several high-ranking officers. The chief minister was known as the mahapradhani. He led a number of lower-ranking officers, like Dalavay (commander), Vassal (guard of the palace), Rayasam (secretary/ accountant), Adaippam (personal attendant), and […]
Origin and Expansion T here are different traditions regarding the foundation of the Vijayanagar kingdom. It is now generally accepted, on the basis of contemporary inscriptions, that the two brothers Harihara and Bukka, the eldest sons of one Sangama, earlier serving the Hoysala rulers of Karnataka, asserted their independence and laid foundation for a new […]
Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347–1358) Rivalry with the Vijayanagar kingdom over the fertile Raichur doab, lying between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, not only marked the early history of the Bahmani kingdom, but continued to be an enduring feature over two centuries. Bahman Shah had also to contend in the east with the rulers of […]
Introduction At the beginning of the fourteenth century, when the Delhi Sultanate was preparing to extend southwards, the Deccan and south India were divided into four kingdoms: the Yadavas of Devagiri (Western Deccan or present Maharashtra), the Hoysalas of Dvarasamudra (Karnataka), the Kakatiyas of Warangal (eastern part of present Telengana) and the Pandyas of Madurai […]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the role of the state was minimum. But since 20th century there has been enormous increase in the responsibilities of the state. Hence state has to supplement the traditional revenue sources with borrowing from individuals,and institutions within and outside the country. The amount of borrowing is huge in the […]
GST is an Indirect Tax which has replaced many Indirect Taxes in India.The Goods and Service Tax Act was passed in the Parliament on 29th March 2017. The Act came into effect on 1st July 2017; Goods & Services Tax in India is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that is levied on every value […]
Electric power is transmitted from power plant to the load (consumers) through conductors. Copper, aluminum, steel, Aluminum Conductor with Steel Reinforced (ACSR), and cadmium copper are invariably used for transmission line conductors. Properties of conductors i. High electrical conductivity ii. High tensile strength iii. Low cost iv. Less weight The properties of copper and aluminium […]
Direct Tax: A direct tax is referred to as a tax levied on person’s income and wealth and is paid directly to the government; the burden of such tax cannot be shifted.The tax is progressive in nature. It is levied according to the paying capacity of the person, i.e. the tax is collected more from […]
Public revenue occupies an important place in the study of public finance. The Government has to perform several functions for the welfare of the people.They involve substantial amount of public expenditure which can be financed only through public revenue. The amount of public revenue to be raised depends on the necessity of public expenditure and […]
Meaning: Public expenditure refers to Government spending incurred by Central, State and Local governments of a country. Definition: Public expenditure can be defined as, “The expenditure incurred by public authorities like central, state and local governments to satisfy the collective social wants of the people is known as public expenditure”. Classification of public expenditure are […]
The modern state is a welfare state and not just police state. The state assumes greater roles by creating economic and social overheads, ensuring stability both internally and externally, conserving resources for sustainable development and so on. (i) Defence: The primary function of the Government is to protect the people from external aggression and internal […]
Public finance deals with study of income, expenditure, borrowing and financial administration of the government. Private finance is the study of income, expenditure, borrowing and financial administration of individual or private companies. Both public and private finance are fundamentally similar in nature but different from each other on various operational aspects. The similarities and dissimilarities […]
Introduction: The term ‘Fiscal Economics’ is a new one; the old and popular term of the subject is ‘Public Finance’. The subject Public Finance is related to the financing of the State activities and it discusses the financial operations of the Government treasury. The term fiscal is derived from Greek word which means basket and […]
On 26 July 1830, the Bourbon king Charles X issued four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending freedom of the press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their votes, and calling for new elections to the Chamber. In protest, the Parisian masses took to the streets for the first […]
Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc (1811-1882) An influential French socialist, Louis Blanc, in 1839, started the Revue du Progres, a journal of advanced social thought. His most important essay “Organisation of Labour” serially appeared in 1839. In his writings, he proposed a scheme of state-financed but worker-controlled “social workshops” that would guarantee work for everyone […]
Socialist ideas in the modern sense came to be articulated by the Physiocrats or the economists who were making enquiries into the production and distribution of food and goods. Étienne-Gabriel Morally, the Utopian thinker, in his Code de la Nature (1755), denounced the institution of private property and proposed a communistic organisation of society. He […]
Introduction Europe in the nineteenth century was infl uenced by the developments in France. Klemens von Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria-Hungary, who formed a ‘Holy Alliance’ between the monarchies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and France to suppress democratic and nationalistic trends in Europe, famously said, “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” France sneezed not […]
Electrical Power transmission is one of the major concern in the power supply system. There are three main areas of power system. They are power generation, transmission and distribution. Transmission is done by i. Overhead lines ii. Underground cables Power generation station Electricity is produced in power plants, which goes through different levels to reach […]
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India,China and South Africa. Originally the first four were grouped as “BRIC” before the induction of South Africa in 2010. The term ‘BRIC’ was coined in 2001. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs.Since 2009, […]