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World nurture Conservation day July 28 Conservation is the utilization without wastage of resources is required to ensure a high level of pro-duction. Important soil conservation measures are •Conservation Tillage •Minimum tillage •Zero tillage•Stubble mulching •Trash farming Conservation farming •Farming across the slope •Strip cropping •Rotations •Mixed cropping and intercropping •Surface mulching •Timely farm operations […]
Soil erosion is the detachment and transportation of soil material from one place to another through the action of wind, water in motion or by the hitting action of the rain drops. •When the vegetation is removed and land is put under cultivation the natural equilibrium between soil building and soil removal is disturbed. •The […]
Incandescent lamp The filament of this lamp is heated up to the incandescent stage of heat. So these types of lamps are called as incandescent lamps. There are two types. 1. Vacuum type lamp and 2. Gas filled type lamp In this type of lamp, the sphere shaped glass cover is used. The glass stem […]
Arc lamp The principle of an arc lamp is that when two electrodes carrying current are separated through a small distance, an arc is struck between them. The arc lamps were used in the past for street lighting purposes but nowadays these are used when extreme brightness is required. Carbon arc lamp is most commonly […]
Soil and water are our precious heritage. Hence, it is obligatory on our part to protect and hand over these resources to further generations. It is estimated that about 50% of the cultivated area in India suffers from severe soil erosion and requires remedial measures. •Water resources are essential for increasing and stabilizing crop production. […]
Laws of illumination The illumination on a surface depends upon the luminous intensity, distance between the source and surface and the direction of rays of light. It is governed by following laws. 1. Inverse square law 2. Lambert’s cosine law Inverse square law It states that the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to […]
Introduction Almost all human activities are based on light. Natural light is obtained from the sun. Artificial light plays an important role in our everyday life. In places where natural light is not available, artificial light is obtained by electric lamps. Lighting plays an important role because of its belief, consistency, simple control and low […]
Difference between Overhead line and Underground cables
Access to information •Progressive Farmers •ATMA extension functionaries – Block Technology Manager, SMS, farmer friend, Farm School •Trained input dealers •Agri Clinics and Agribusiness Centers •KVK •Agricultural Research Stations •Agricultural Universities •ICAR Organisations •Kissan Call Centers (Toll free no.1551 or 1800 – 180 – 1551) •Concerned NGOs •Agribusiness Companies •Radio, TV, Agricultural Magzines, Community Radio, […]
•Due to increase in rainfall: Pests like bollworm, red hairy caterpillar and leaf spot diseases may increase.Due to increase in temperature: Sucking pests such as mites and leaf miner may increase. •Due to variation in rainfall and temperature: Pest and diseases of crops to be altered because of more enhanced pathogen and vector development, rapid […]
Three phase cable Commonly, underground cables are used to transmit three phase power supply. For three phase service, the following cables are used. a. Belted cable up to 11 KV b. Screened cable 22KV to 66 KV c. Pressure cable above 66 KV a. Belted cable up to 11 KV The crosssection view of the […]
Classification of cables a. According to the rating of voltage the cables are classified into i. Low tension cables up to 1 KV ii. High tension cable up to 11KV iii. Super tension cables 22 KV to 33KV iv. Extra high-tension cables 33KV to 66 KV v. Oil filled cables 66KV to 132 KV vi. […]
Underground cables By using underground cable, the power is transmitted from the generating station to the consumers. When electrical power is unable to transmit by overhead lines or in a thickly populated area, underground cables are used. An underground cable consists of one or more conductor covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting […]
Power distribution system The medium voltage transformer using transmission lines are reduced by step down transformer (415V, or 240V) are used to the consumer. This system includes the feeder lines, distributors and service mains. Feeder line The feeder line is nothing but similar as power transmission conductors. It connects the power from sub-station and power […]
Types of insulators i. Pin type insulator ii. Suspension insulators a. Hewlett suspension type b. Cemented cap type c. Core and link type iii. Strain insulator iv. Shackle insulator v. Stay type insulator i. Pin type insulator This type of insulator is fixed in the crossing arm of the pole. The conductor is placed in […]
Line insulators The overhead line conductors should be supported with the poles or towers by means of insulators. These insulators act as supports in order to avoid any leakage of current from the conductor to earth. Properties of insulators Here are some of the properties of line insulators i. Mechanical strength should be very high. […]
Climate and agriculture •Monsoon is a key source of water in agriculture •Most of our rivers are seasonal fed by the monsoon; even irrigated agriculture depends on monsoon. •Cropping pattern has evolved over years based on climate. •Market forces influence cropping patterns in recent times. Climatic factors and crops •Rainfall drives water availability and determines […]
Climatic factors Is the crop/cropping system suitable for local weather parameters such as temperature, rainfall, sun shine hours, relative humidity, wind velocity, wind direction, seasons and agro-ecological situations? Soil conditions Is the crop/cropping system suitable for local soil type, pH and soil fertility? Water •Do you have adequate water source like a tanks, wells, dams, […]
Types of overhead lines The transmission line has three parameters, resistance, inductance and capacitance distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. The resistance and inductance forms series impedance. The capacitance existing between conductor for single phase line and a conductor, to neutralize the three-phase line, forms a shunt path through the length of […]
Effects of transmission 1. Skin effect When an alternating current flows through a conductor, a flux will be produced in it. This flux will be higher at the center of the conductor than outer surface. The high reactance of center area causes the alternating current to flow near the surface of the conductor. This is […]