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Starter motor drive mechanism The ratio between the starting motor pinion gear and the ring gear in engine flywheel is varied from 1:10 to 1:15. For example, if the ratio 1:15 means, the flywheel will rotate 1 revolution when the motor pinion rotates 15 revolutions. Once, the engine is cranked, then the speed of the […]
Ignition advance Mechanism In an engine, the spark is timed just before the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke. This will ensure the peak combustion pressure is obtained just after the TDC. If the pressure rise is before the TDC, then it will result in a weak power stroke. If the pressure rise is […]
Ignition Coil The ignition coil is used to convert 12 V D.C. from the battery to 20,000V to 30,000V A.C. It works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. It is also called as Step up transformer. The primary coil is made up of thick wires with 150 to 300 turns. The secondary […]
Ignition system 1. To supply a spark inside the cylinder, at the end of compression stroke, to ignite the compressed charge of the air-fuel mixture. 2. Convert low tension current into high tension current. (6v to 12v in to 20,000 to 30,000v) 3. To produce spark in the multi cylinder engine at the right time […]
Battery Charging The battery is charged by the vehicle generator during vehicle running. When the engine is in off condition, the electrical device will utilise the stored electrical energy from the battery. This will quickly discharge the battery and it requires external charging to charge the battery. Method of Charging 1. Constant Voltage Method 2. […]
Parts of Battery The following are the important parts of a battery 1. Container 2. Plates 3. Separator 4. Cell cover 5. Electrolyte 6. Terminal post Container The container is a single piece moulded part made up of hard rubber or bituminous. The container will house all the internal parts of a battery and holds […]
Tinkering Tinkering is performed to removedents, scratches, chemical erosion,environmental erosion occurred on the exterior surface. This will improve the aesthetic appearance of the vehicle. Tools used for tinkering 1. Gas and Arc welding unit2. Alloy steel sheets3. New chassis sub frame to bereplaced4. Sheet metal cutter5. Spray painting gun6. Required matching colour7. Thinner8. Emery sheet9. […]
Chassis In an automobile, all the subsystems excluding the body is called as Chassis. Construction of the chassis The layout of various subsystems is shown in the figure. In the present manufacturing of the vehicle, the body is separately fabricated and it is mounted over the chassis. The importance subsystems that are connected in the […]
What is Body of Vehicle? Body is the superstructure for all vehicles. It may either constructed separately and bolted to the chassis or manufac tured integral with the chassis. • The chassis and body make the complete vehicle. • A body consists of windows and doors,roof, luggage compartment,passenger seats etc. • A body should be […]
1. Wheel base Wheel base is the distance between the centres of the front and rear wheels. 2. Wheel track Wheel track is the distance between both the front wheels or rear wheels measured from the centres of tyres. 3. Front over hang Front over hang is the distance between the front bumper and centre […]
Chassis Frame The various parts of the vehicle are mounted on the chassis frame. The chassis frame must strong enough to withstand total weight of the vehicle. The chassis frame carries engine, clutch, gear box,Propeller shaft, rear axle, suspension,steering gear box and brake. Frame is fixed with two longitudinal bars and four or five cross […]
Front Axle Front axle carries the weight of the front part of the vehicle. Front axle includes axle beam stub axles with brake assembly, track rod and stub axle arm to steer and brake the vehicle. To accommodate front engine and to provide stability and safety,the centre portion of the axle is dropped. It is […]
Independent Suspension system Independent Suspension systems are commonly used in the front axle. When a wheel climbs a bump, the other wheel will travel in its own path.Hence,the vibration will not be transmitted from one wheel to another which leads to smooth ride to the passenger. Types of Independent front suspension system 1. Wishbone or […]
Steering gear box • The case which holds the steering gear is called as steering gearbox. • The Rotary movement of the steering wheel is converted into reciprocating motion of the steering linkage. The driver easily turns the stub axle either left or right side with the help of steering gear box. Types of steering […]
Wheel Alignment It refers to the angular relationship between the front wheels and parts attached to it with that of car frame. Wheel alignments ensure that all four wheels are consistent with each other and are optimized for maximum contact with the surface of the road. Aim of wheel alignment 1. To turn the steered […]
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand-operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line . The system allows a driver to use only light forces to steer a heavy vehicle. Front axle carries the weight […]
Air suspension system These types of suspension systems are commonly used in a long-distance vehicle like buses. Due to the benefits of the air suspension system,nowadays this system is widely used in many vehicles. Schematic representation of this type of air suspension system is shown in the figure . It consists of four air springs […]
In this type, wheels are mounted on the two sides of the axle. Leaf spring or coil spring is mounted in between the chassis frame and axle. One end of the leaf spring is attached rigidly usually the front, and the other end is attached through a shackle as movable. The vibration is absorbed by […]
Coil Spring Its simple layout can be seen in the figure. In this type one end of the spring is fixed with the frame, another end is fixed with the lower control arm.When the vehicle rises over a bump the spring gets compressed and it will absorb the energy. When the vehicle gets down from […]
பசுமைப் புரட்சி 1960களின் இடைப்பகுதியில் இந்தியாவில் உணவு உற்பத்தியின் நிலை மிகவும் கவலையளிப்பதாக இருந்தது. உணவுப் பொருட்களை இறக்குமதி செய்வதற்காக நாடு மிகப்பெருமளவில் செலவு செய்தது.நிலச்சீர்திருத்தங்கள்விவசாய உற்பத்தியின் மீது எவ்விதத் தாக்கத்தையும் ஏற்படுத்தவில்லை. ஆகவே அரசு வேளாண்மையைமேம்படுத்த தொழில்நுட்பம் எனும் மாற்று வழிகளை நாடின. 1965இல் நீர்ப்பாசன வசதியுள்ள சிலதேர்ந்தெடுக்கப் பகுதிகளில் அதிக மகசூலைத் தருகிற (உயர்ரக வீரிய வித்துகள் – HYV) கோதுமை, நெல்ஆகியன பயிரிடப்பட்டன.மரபுசார்ந்த விவசாயத்தைப் போலல்லாமல்,அதிக மகசூலைத் தருகிற விதை ரகங்களுக்குஅதிக நீரும் […]