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Valuation Meaning Valuation means finding out correct value of the assets on a particular date. It is an act of determining the value of assets and critical examination of these values on the basis of normally accepted accounting standard. Valuation of assets is to be made by the authorized officer and the duty of auditor […]
Verification Meaning Verification means the act of assuring the correctness of value of assets and liabilities in the organization. It refers to the examination of proof of title and their existence or confirmation of assets and liabilities on the date of Balance Sheet. It usually indicates verification of assets of any organization, which can be […]
Compass Prismatic compass is a simple instrument comprising an aluminum ring graduated to 30 minutes held at the top of a broad magnetic needle set in balance on a hard steel pivot. This compass is fitted in a circular metal box with a transparent glass cover. The glass – top is further covered with a […]
In this Instruction, we will learn how to use clinometers to measure the height of a tall object. What you will need; Clinometers, Tape, Paper, Pen or pencil, Assistant. Step 1: Pick a Spot Let us pick a spot to measure your object which may be a tree or electric or telephone pole. You should […]
Introduction Surveying has been essential element in the development of man’s environment for centuries. It is important in planning and execution of every form of construction. Surveying is used to map the earth above and below the sea, prepare navigational map and establish databases for natural resource management, development of engineering data for huge buildings […]
It is estimated that 1.34 million people are killed in the road accidents every year. Road accident is the 8th leading cause of death globally. Every year, up to 50 million people suffer serious, life-altering injuries which, in many low- and middle-income countries. Primary road safety risk factors in low and middle-income countries include: 1. […]
Industrial hazards consist of four principle hazards. The hazards encountered are fire, explosion, toxic release and environmental damage. This is because industries engage in different processes involving a wide range of different raw materials, waste products and final products. Danger originates from technological or industrial accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or certain human activities. It […]
Massive forest fires may start in hot and droughty weather as a result of lightning, and human carelessness or from other causal factors. Fires can lead to the destruction of buildings, wooden bridges and poles, power, transmission and telecommunication lines, warehouses of containing oil products and other fuel. It causes injury to people and animals. […]
Drowning Drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. There are an estimated 3,72,000 annual drowning deaths worldwide. Children, males and individuals with increased access to water are most at risk of drowning. Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid; […]
Disaters induced by human beings are man-made disasters. It includes fire accident, transport accident, structure failure, minining accidents, explosions, stampede etc. In this lesson, we study about some of the man-made disasters. Stampede The term stampede is a sudden rush of a crowd of people, usually resulting in injuries and death from suffocation and trampling. […]
Community is a group of people living in the same place having homogenous characteristics. It includes shared experiences, locality, culture, language and social interests. Communitybased disaster risk reduction is a process within a community and for the community. Reducing risk in communities should address the root causes of risks and address it through local knowledge […]
Introduction “Mumbai railway station stampede kills at least 22” “Rush-hour crush on footbridge connecting two stations was triggered by falling concrete that caused panic!” At least 22 people have been killed and more than 30 injured during a rush-hour stampede on a bridge between two railway stations in Mumbai. The crush occurred on a narrow […]
GNSS refers to the collection of the world’s global satellite based positioning systems. It includes GPS (United States) GLONASS (Russia) GALILEO (European Union) BEODOU (China) IRNSS (India) QZSS (Japan). GNSS can provide centimetre level accuracy with a low-cost receiver, if an error correction technique is used. GNSS are recognized to be the systems of choice […]
The functions of GIS describe the steps that have to be taken to implement a GIS. These steps have to be followed in order to obtain a systematic and efficient system. The steps involved are data capture, data storage (GIS Data Models), manipulation and analysis. Data Capture The input of data into a GIS can […]
HYPERTHYROIDISM: It is defined as sustained increased in synthesis and relaxes of thyroid hormone by the thyroid glands. It is highly prevented endocrine disorders. Causes * Graves’ disease * Toxic, diffuse goiter * Toxic adenoma * Thyroid carcinoma Signs and Symptoms * Heat intolerance * Exophthalmos * Loose bowel movements * Profuse diaphoresis * Tachycardia […]
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that includes ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovaries, and hyper and rogenism. It most commonly occurs in women under 30 years old and is a cause of infertility. What are all the Causes * The causes are unknown. What is the Signs and Symptoms of poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome * […]
Differences Between Internal Check and Internal Audit Differences Between Internal Control and Internal Audit
Scope (or) Functions of Internal Auditor 1. Evaluating of Accounting and Administrative Control: Internal auditing ensures effective and efficient system of accounting control, standard costing, budgetary control and all other administrative controls. 2. Protection of Assets: Internal auditing besides ensuring proper accounting and custody of companies asset’s it is concerned with the protection of the […]
INTERNAL AUDIT Introduction Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization to accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes. Internal auditing is a catalyst for […]
Auditor’s Duty in Evaluating the System of Internal Control 1. Understand the System: The auditor should understand the control system by discussing with personnel at various levels in the organisation. He should also refer to organisation charts and manuals for this purpose. 2. Determining the Reliability: The management installs and maintains an adequate internal control […]