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Both fruits and seeds possess attractive colour, odour, shape and taste needed for the dispersal by birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, ants and insects even earthworms. The seed consists of an embryo, stored food material and a protective covering called seed coat. As seeds contain miniature but dormant future plants, their dispersal is an important criterion […]
Halophytes There are special type of Halophytic plants which grow on soils with high concentration of salts. Examples: Rhizophora, Sonneratia and Avicennia. Halophytes are usually found near the seashores and Estuaries. The soils are physically wet but physiologically dry. As plants cannot use salt water directly they require filtration of salt using physiological processes. This […]
Ecological adaptations The modifications in the structure of organisms to survive successfully in an environment are called adaptations of organisms. Adaptations help the organisms to exist under the prevailing ecological habitat. Based on the habitats and the corresponding adaptations of plants, they are classified as hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes, epiphytes and halophytes. Epiphytes Epiphytes are plants […]
Ecological adaptations The modifications in the structure of organisms to survive successfully in an environment are called adaptations of organisms. Adaptations help the organisms to exist under the prevailing ecological habitat. Based on the habitats and the corresponding adaptations of plants, they are classified as hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes, epiphytes and halophytes. Mesophytes The plants which […]
The modifications in the structure of organisms to survive successfully in an environment are called adaptations of organisms. Adaptations help the organisms to exist under the prevailing ecological habitat. Based on the habitats and the corresponding adaptations of plants, they are classified as hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes, epiphytes and halophytes. Xerophytes The plants which are living […]
The modifications in the structure of organisms to survive successfully in an environment are called adaptations of organisms. Adaptations help the organisms to exist under the prevailing ecological habitat. Based on the habitats and the corresponding adaptations of plants, they are classified as hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes, epiphytes and halophytes. Hydrophytes The plants which are living […]
i. Mimicry: It is a phenomenon in which living organism modifies its form, appearance, structure or behavior and looks like another living organism as a self defence and increases the chance of its survival. Floral mimicry is for usually inviting pollinators but animal mimicry is often protective. Mimicry is a result of evolutionary significance due […]
The interactions among living organisms such as plants and animals are called biotic factors, which may cause marked effects upon vegetation. The effects may be direct and indirect and modifies the environment. The plants mostly which lives together in a community and influence one another. Similarly, animals in association with plants also affect the plant […]
Topographic factors The surface features of earth are called topography. Topographic influence on the climate of any area is determined by the interaction of solar radiation, temperature, humidity, rainfall, latitude and altitude. It affects the vegetation through climatic variations in small areas (micro climate ) and even changes the soil conditions. Topographic factors include latitude, […]
Edaphic factors Edaphic factors, the abiotic factors related to soil, include the physical and chemical composition of the soil formed in a particular area. The study of soils is called Pedology. The soil Soil is the weathered superficial layer of the Earth in which plants can grow. It is a complex composite mass consisting of […]
Climatic Factors Climate is one of the important natural factors controlling the plant life. The climatic factors includes light, temperature, water, wind and fire. A – Light Light is a well known factor needed for the basic physiological processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, seed germination and flowering. The portion of the sunlight which […]
The term “ecology” (oekologie) is derived from two Greek words – oikos (meaning house or dwelling place and logos meaning study) It was first proposed by Reiter (1868). However, the most widely accepted definition of ecology was given by Ernest Haeckel (1869). Alexander von Humbolt – Father of Ecology Eugene P. Odum – Father of […]
Intellectual property right (IPR) is a category of rights that includes intangible creation of the human intellect, and primarily consists of copyrights, patents, and trademarks. It also includes other types of rights, such as trade secrets, publicity rights, moral rights, and rights against unfair competition. In biotechnology, the transformed microorganisms and plants and technologies for […]
Germplasm Conservation Germplasm conservation refers to the conservation of living genetic resources like pollen, seeds or tissue of plant material maintained for the purpose of selective plant breeding, preservation in live condition and used for many research works. Germplasm conservation resources is a part of collection of seeds and pollen that are stored in seed […]
Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos from the callus tissue directly and these embryos are called Embryoids or from the in vitro cells directly form pre-embryonic cells which differentiate into embryoids. Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis •Somatic embryogenesis provides potential plantlets which after hardening period can establish into plants. •Somatic embryoids can be be used […]
1. Sterilization: Sterilization is the technique employed to get rid of microbes such as bacteria and fungi in the culture medium, vessels and explants. i. Maintenance of Aseptic Environment: During in vitro tissue culture maintenance of aseptic environmental condition should be followed, i.e., sterilization of glassware, forceps, scalpels, and all accessories in wet steam sterilization […]
Plant Tissue Culture (PTC) Plant tissue culture is used to describe the in vitro and aseptic growth of any plant part on a tissue culture medium. This technology is based on three fundamental principles: •The plant part or explant must be selected and isolated from the rest of plant body. •The explant must be maintained […]
Basic concepts of Tissue Culture Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Totipotency The property of live plant cells that they have the genetic potential when cultured in nutrient medium to give rise to a complete individual plant. Differentiation The process of biochemical and structural changes by which cells become […]
Applications of Biotechnology • Biotechnology is one of the most important applied interdisciplinary sciences of the 21st century. It is the trusted area that enables us to find the beneficial way of life. • Biotechnology has wide applications in various sectors like agriculture, medicine, environment and commercial industries. • This science has an invaluable outcome […]
Bioprospecting is the process of discovery and commercialization of new products obtained from biological resources. Bioprospecting may involve biopiracy, in which indigenous knowledge of nature, originating with indigenous people, is used by others for profit, without authorization or compensation to the indigenous people themselves. Biopiracy Biopiracy can be defined as the manipulation of intellectual property […]