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(a) Memories of 1857 Indian national movement dates its birth from the 1857 uprising. The outrages committed by the British army after putting down the revolt remained “un-avenged”. Even the court-martial law and formalities were not observed. Officers who sat on the court martial swore that they would hang their prisoners, guilty or innocent and, […]
T he English educated intelligentsia felt the need for reforming the society before involving the people in any political programmes. The reform movements of nineteenth century are categorised as 1. Reformist movements such as the Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the Prarthana Samaj, founded by Dr Atmaram Pandurang and the Aligarh Movement, […]
(a) Education in Pre-British India Education in pre-colonial India was characterised by segmentation along religious and caste lines. Among the Hindus, Brahmins had the exclusive privilege to acquire higher religious and philosophical knowledge. They monopolised the education system and occupied positions in the society, primarily as priests and teachers. They studied in special seminaries such […]
Socio-economic Background (a) Implications of the New Land Tenures The British destroyed the traditional basis of Indian land system. In the preBritish days, the land revenue was realised by sharing the actual crop with the cultivators. The British fixed the land revenue in cash without any regard to various contingencies, such as failure of crops, […]
Introduction The political and economic centralisation of India achieved by the British for the better exploitation and control of India inevitably led to the growth of national consciousness and the birth of the national movement. The history of nationalism in India begins with the campaigns and struggles for social reforms in the nineteenth century followed […]
INTRODUCTION Life of a cell is entirely based on planar sandwiches called membranes that are capable of protecting and separating the cells from the world around. These membranes, generally, are impermeable to macromolecules but can facilitate movement of certain molecules across it and contribute to maintain homeostasis at a greater level . Membranes are comprised […]
Junagadh The Nawab of Junagadh, or his Dewan, Shah Nawaz Bhutto, father of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who later went on to become the President of Pakistan, both rejected the autocratic rule. Three States surrounding Junagadh, chose to be part of India, and the fourth side it is covered by the Arabian sea. The majority of […]
Princely States of India During the pre-independence phase, many princely states enjoyed the patronage of the British rule and were not eager to part with their privileges when the integration of States were proposed. Some of the rulers were looking forward to establishing finally their own independent State, and assert their autonomy, post-independence. A unification […]
Integration of Princely States A ‘princely state’ or a ‘native state’ is a political unit of a larger administrative province, which either is ruled directly by monarchic lineage or serves as a subsidiary coalition with a more powerful monarchic government. These smaller administrative pockets were based on the political, cultural, lingual, and geographical landscape. In […]
National flower Lotus Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn) is the National Flower of India. It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial. India is rich in flora. Currently available data place India in the […]
தமிழ்த்தாய் வாழ்த்து என்பது இந்திய மாநில அரசுகளுள் தமிழை ஆட்சி மொழியாய் கொண்டுள்ளவற்றில் பாடப்பெறும் வாழ்த்துப் பாடலாகும். இது தமிழ் மொழியை வாழ்த்தி வணக்கம் செலுத்துவதாக அமையும். இப்பாடல் அரசு விழாக்கள், பள்ளிகளின் காலை இறைவணக்கக் கூட்டம் முதலான நிகழ்வுகளின் தொடக்கத்தில் பாடப்படுகிறது. இந்திய தேசிய கீதம்இறுதியில் பாடப்படும். தமிழக அரசால் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்ட தமிழ்த்தாய் வாழ்த்துப் பாடலை எழுதியவர் மனோன்மணியம் பெ.சுந்தரனார் என்பவராவார். இவர் எழுதிய புகழ்பெற்ற நாடக நூலான மனோன்மணியம் நூலில் உள்ள துதிப்பாடலின் ஒரு […]
Distribution of powers of the legislature The legislative powers and functions of the Union and the States are clearly demarcated in seventh schedule of the Constitution of India. The powers on which both union and the states can legislate is clearly defined. The Constitution has classified the subjects for which the legislation can be made […]
Birth of Jesus to His Death The angel Gabriel was sent to a fine young woman named Mary. He told her that she would have a child who would rule as king forever. The child, Jesus, was born in a stable, where shepherds visited him. Later, a star guided men from the East to the […]
Built in : 1003-1010 AD Year of Inscription : 1987 Reasons for Inscription : Criteria number (2) and (3). It is a peerless piece of architecture and represents the culture during Chola Dynasty in India. Moreover, it is a significant Hindu Temple built in ancient times. Peruvudaiyar Kovil, well known as Brihadeeswarar Temple, RajaRajeshwara and […]
First Reading Second Reading Committee Stage Report Stage Third Reading Committee StageIf the bill is referred to a select Committee, the mover selects the members of the Committee, the Speaker or the Chairman of the House appoints one member of the Committee and the Chairman of the Committee. The Committee will study of the bill […]
The law making process in Indian Parliament stands evident for its democratic credentials. In the law making process, the role of opposition parties becomes much more important to reflect upon the relevance of the bill and its context so as to streamline the democratic governance. The law is a guiding force to regulate the society, […]
Sabha Due to its federal character, the Rajya Sabha has been given two exclusive or special powers that are not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha: 1. It can authorize the Parliament to make a law on a subject enumerated in the State List (Article 249). 2. It can authorize the Parliament to create new All-India […]
WHEN IT COMES TO naming the world’s greatest hits, seven seems like an awfully small number. Especially considering only one of the seven original, ancient wonders is still standing — the Great Pyramid of Giza. In 2007, a Swiss foundation put it to the public to nominate a new crop of modern wonders, seizing the […]
அடுக்குவிதிகள்- laws of exponent அடுத்தடுத்த- alternate அடைத்தல் – packing அமைப்பு-patten அறிவியல் குறியீடு- scientific notation இணைக்கோடுகள்- parallels line’s இணைய வழி- online இயல் எண்- natural number இரண்டாம் நிலை தரவு- secondary data இலக்கங்கள்- digits உள்வட்டமையம்- incentre எதிர் விகிதம்- inverse proportion ஏறு/ உயர்வு /அதிகம்- increase ஒரு புள்ளி வழிச்செல்லும் கோடுகள்- concurrent lines ஒருங்கமைப் புள்ளி- point of concurrently கணக்கிடுத்தல்- calculation காரணி- […]
Basic Operations The basic arithmetic operations for real numbers are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In basic mathematics there are many ways of saying the same thing: LEARNING OBJECTIVES Calculate the sum, difference, product, and quotient of positive whole numbers. KEY TAKEAWAYS Key Points The basic arithmetic operations for real numbers are addition, subtraction, multiplication, […]