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CITRUS Lime tree borer or orange borers Chelidonium cinctum (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) This is a major and highly destructive pest in South India. Wilting of twigs and stems, gum exudations and wood powder accumulation on ground below are symptoms of attack. Adult is dull metallic green to dark violet with a yellow band across the middle […]
MANGO Mango hoppers Idioscopus clypealis, I. niveosparsus, Amritodes atkinsoni (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) Hoppers are the most destructive pests of mango. Hoppers are active throughout the year, but abundant during hot months of May to June and cold months of October to January, synchronizing with flowering of mango trees. When inflorescence appears, hoppers start laying […]
PESTS ON PULSES Gram pod borer –Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera It is a serious pest of chickpea, pigeonpea, pea, mungbean, urd bean, lentil, soybean, cowpea, cotton, sorghum, okra, maize, tomato, bhendi and sunflower. Larva – polyphagous Feed on the foliage, when young and on the seed in later stages with their body hanging outside. A […]
BANANA Rhizome weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) It is a major pest of banana. Adult is a stout, reddish brown weevil. Grub is apodous and yellowish with reddish head. Grub bores into rhizome and tunnels within it. Pupates within a chamber made near the outer surface of rhizome. Adult also tunnels within stem feeding on […]
GUAVA Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii (Miridae: Hemiptera) Fruit borer/ Castor capsule borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) Guava fruit flies Bactrocera diversus (Tephritidae: Diptera) Whiteflies, Aleurotuberculatus psidii (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) Aphids, Aphis gossypii (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Mealy bugs, Coccus viridis and Ferrisia virgata (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) Guava scales Chloropulvinaria psidii (Diaspididae: Hemiptera) Bark borer, Indarbela tetraonis (Metarbelidae: Lepidoptera) […]
Millets are indigenous to many parts of the world.The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important crop in India and parts of Africa.Finger millet, proso millet, and foxtail millet are also important crop species In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets.[31] Millet is also the base ingredient for the […]
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop cultivated all over the world and consumed by nearly 35% of the world population. It harbours nearly two dozen of insects; among them only half a dozen of insect pests, like aphids, termites, army worm, pink stem borer, pod borer and Ghujhia weevil, attain the major pest […]
PEST ON RICE Swarming caterpillar – Spodoptera mauritia Noctuidae : Lepidoptera It is a serious pest on nurseries and early stage of the crops. During night hours, larvae cut the seedlings in large scale and present a cattle-grazing appearance to the field. Gregarious feeders and march from field to field. Damage is severe in […]
Pest Monitoring Monitoring phytophagous insects and their natural enemies is a fundamental tool in IPM – for taking management decision Monitoring – estimation of changes in insect distribution and abundance information about insects, life history influence of biotic and abiotic factors on pest population Pest Surveillance Refers to the constant watch on the population dynamics […]
PEST – Derived from French word ‘Peste’ and Latin term ‘Pestis’ meaning plague or contagious disease Pest is any animal which is noxious, destructive or troublesome to man or his interests A pest is any organism which occurs in large numbers and conflict with man’s welfare, convenience and profit A pest is an organism which […]
Beneficial insects and mites belong to three categories: predators, parasitoids, and pollinators. Predators capture and eat other organisms such as insects or mites. Predators include ladybird beetles, ground beetles, lacewings, syrphid (hover) flies, aphid midges (Aphidoletes) and yellowjacket wasps. Parasitoids are insects that parasitize other insects. The immature stages of parasitoids develop on or within its […]
Qualities of honeybees which make them good pollinators Body covered with hairs and have structural adaptation for carrying nectar and pollen. Bees do not injure the plants Adult and larva feed on nectar and pollen which is available in plenty Considered as superior pollinators, since store pollen and nectar for future use No diapause is […]
Wax Moth a. Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella Galleriidae : Lepidoptera Adults brown in colour. Female moth enters the hive during night and lays creamy white eggs in groups in the cracks and crevices of the hive and combs and in the gap between super and brood chamber. Caterpillar is dirty white in colour. Egg, […]
Bee Keeping Appliances – Handling Bees and Honey ExtractionBee hives Bee hives were designed after the discovery of “Bee Space” (or) “Bee Passage” by L.L.Langstroth. It is the optimum distance to be left in between two adjacent comb surfaces in a bee hive which is essential for normal movement and functioning of bees. It is […]
Apiculture– It deals with rearing and maintenance of honeybees for the production of honey on a commercial scale. Different Bee Castes Every honey bee colony comprises of a single queen, a few hundred drones and several thousand worker castes of honey bees. Queen is a fertile, functional female, worker is an unfertile female and the drone is […]
Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. or Number of generations per year under natural environmental conditions. Based on voltinism, Bombyx mori is divided in to 3 types, namely i) Univoltines, ii) Bivoltines and iii. Multivoltines. i) UNIVOLTINE RACES: They produce […]
Mulberry cultivation Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous tree occurring in sub tropical and temperate climate. Mulberry has characteristic long idioblast cells in the upper epidermis of leaves. Inflorescence is a catkin / spike with unisexual flowers. Hence it is a cross pollinated crop. The important species of mulberry cultivated in India are , a) […]
The thorax consists of three segments viz., pro, meso and metathorax and each bear onepair of legs called fore, middle and hind legs respectively. Legs are the principal organ oflocomotion and they have undergone many modifications and have been adapted to wide rangeof functions. The generalized insect leg consists of six segments. 1. A basal […]
Mouth parts of insects have many variations in structure and function depending upon theirfeeding situations. Insect mouthparts are broadly classified into two groups:- Mandibulate type (Biting types) (Feeding on solid food) Haustellate type (Sucking type) (Feeding on liquid food) I. Mandibulate types1. BITING AND CHEWING TYPEEg.: Cockroach, Grasshopper, Beetles, Larva Labrum: Rectangular plate like Mandibles: […]
ENTOMOLOGY DEFINITION: Entomology is the scientific study of insects. The word ‘Entomology’ is derived from two Greek words ‘Entomon’ meaning insects and ‘logos’ meaning study It is a branch of zoology dealing with Origin & evolution of insects and their diversity & classification, body organisation and function, development, interaction with surroundings in which they live, […]